General Motors Essay Example for Free

General Motors EssayGeneral Motors Company, known as GM, was founded in 1908 in Flint, Michigan by William C. Durant and Charles Stewart Mott. The present chairman and CEO is Daniel Akerson. Akerson joined GMs age in 2009 as the corporation went through a bankruptcy reorganization. He became CEO Sept. 1, 2010, and led GMs 2010 return to the stock market at the time the largest sign public offering in U.S. history (Detroit Free Press, 2013). The headquarters for GM is presently located in Detroit, Michigan. GM specializes in designing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing cars, trucks and vehicle parts. The brands chthonic GM include Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Baojun, Holden, Isuzu, Jie Fang, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. GM employs over 200,000 people and has 396 facilities on six continents. GM is divided into five line of descent segments GM North America, GM Europe, GM International Operations, GM South America and GM Financial. The two biggest markets for GM b e the U.S. and China. gibe to Dan Akerson they continually do well in both markets and are making further progress in their European business (General Motors, 2013). In July, 2009, GM filed for bankruptcy. Later that year, GM emerged from a government backed Chapter 11 reorganization. so in 2010 GM made an initial public offering (initial offering) that was one of the worlds largest and helped them to return to making a pull in later that year. An IPO is a type of public offering where shares of stock in a company are sold to the general public. Through this process GM, a mystical company, became a public company. Because of the bankruptcy GM had to start from the beginning and figure out what caused them to go under previously and what they needed to do to become a top organization again. With the start of the new General Motors they were starting over so they created a new clearer vision and a new business model.As of 2012, GM was ranked among one of the worlds largest automak ers. The companys total worldwide vehicle sales were 9.3 million (The New YorkTimes, 2013). GMs net taxation in the second quarter of 2013 was $39.1 billion up from $37.6 billion in the second quarter of 2012 (General Motors, 2013). Since their bankruptcy GM has been reporting record profits and has steadily climbed back up the ladder with customer satisfaction and productivity. Akerson said, So, here we are four years out of bankruptcy and weve made $25 billion (before taxes and interest). I think thats to a greater extent than the companys ever made in a four-year period (Detroit Free Press, 2013). The companys progress is indicative of a new business model that begins and ends with great vehicles. GM leveraged their resources to maintain stringent cost management while taking advantage of growth and revenue opportunities around the world, to ultimately take back sustainable results for all of their stakeholders (General Motors 2010). Being one of the biggest markets for GM, Ge neral Motors North America (GMNA) has been a key contributor in bringing in a profit for the whole organization. They currently have 5,000 dealerships, 34 plants and employs over 68,000 people. The profits reported for GMNA for the second quarter was an adjust EBIT of $1,976 million compared to $1,891 million for the same period a year ago. Total net sales and revenue was $23,495 million compared to $21,552 million for the same period a year ago. For the six months, the company reported adjusted EBIT of $3,390 million compared to $3,533 million for the same period year ago. Total net sales and revenue was $46,474 million compared to $44,727 million for the same period year ago (Bloomsburg Businessweek, 2013). The current president, Mark Reuss, of GMNA has recently revamped the organization. Attached is a copy of the previous organizational structure and the new structure. The old GMNA consisted of a vertical structure which is a hierarchical structure with many levels of authority and the jobs were grouped by function into departments. They were divided into different independent automakers. Each independent automaker was operated differently and competing with separately other. The competition among its own independent automakers and lack of centralization was costly. When they restructured after the bankruptcy, GMNA adopted a flatter structure where accountability is key. The new structure is centralized and incorporated a team versus several individuals working towards common goals. With this structure GMNA is running in a more streamlined manner and its a more cost effective trend of running there organization. GM has a diverse listing of employment opportunities.The positions range from engineering and manufacturing positions to Human Resources and Research positions. According to several employees, past and present, GM provides great pay and hours. GM promotes employees to further their education and training. The work surround was fun, friendly and like working with family. Working in the plants many of the employees had to do shift work and heavy manual labor this didnt seem like a deterrent they still enjoyed the job and the coworkers. The environment appears to be open when it comes to management and employee interaction. The CEO Akerson is a strong believer in management by walking around. Everywhere hes been you see pictures of him with employees. Hes a varan that management is a contact sport, Merten says (Detroit Free Press, 2013). The reviews were mostly all positive. The only negative things that seemed to keep popping up were the long hours and the stress to meet deadlines. GM has enlisted their customers and employees to send them ideas to help improve vehicles, sales, marketing, etc. and they act on the ones that will improve their ability to serve the customers better. GM has come a long way since 2009. With the reorganization changes they have become quicker and more decisive so the customers needs are met and t hey are producing reliable vehicles. It seems like GM really is getting back into what they are best at building vehicles and serving their customers needs.ReferencesDetroit Free Press. ( terrific 5, 2013). General Motors CEO Dan Akerson Shares Top 9 Leadership Lessons. Retrieved August 21, 2013. http//www.freep.com/article/20130805/BUSINESS0101/308050088/dan-akerson-GM-CEO-leadership-lessonsJones, Gareth R. George, Jennifer M. (2013). Essentials of Contemporary Management. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.General Motors. (July 25, 2013). Investors Earnings Releases. GM Reports aid Quarter Net Income of $1.2 Billion. Retrieved August 21, 2013. http//www.gm.com/content/gmcom/home/company/investors/earning-releases.content_pages_news_emergency_news_072513-q2-earnings.contentgmcomhomecompanyinvestorsearning-releases.htmlGeneral Motors. (2010). General Motors Company 2010 Annual Report. Retrieved August 21, 2013. http//www.gm.com/content/dam/gmcom/COMPANY/Investors/Corporate_Governance /PDFs/StockholderInformationPDFs/Annual-Report.pdfIndeed. (2013). GM Employer Reviews. Retrieved August 21, 2013. http//www.indeed.com/cmp/GM/reviews Bloomsburg Businessweek. (July 25, 2013). General Motors North America, Inc. Announces Earnings Results for the Second Quarter and Six Months Ended June 30, 2013. Retrieved on August 22, 2013. http//investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24368349The New York Times. (August 21, 2013). General Motors. Retrieved August 21, 2013. http//topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/general_motors_corporation/index.html?offset=20s=newest

Methods in Computer Security Essay Example for Free

Methods in Computer Security EssayOne of the negative impacts of technological advancements is the advancement of criminal methods. As angiotensin converting enzyme of the widespread progression in the whole world today, computerization has been made an instrument for criminal offenses, and this has alarmed many computer experts since the millennium bug had emerged, and was fortuitously solved. Knowing the things that must be observed in computer softwargon and hardware investigation is important to flourish as a computer forensics expert. flow rate investigations usually dwell on individual category, but still it can be expanded to a more general sense in analyzing the patterns and motives of perhaps not just individuals, but groups or organizations (Anderson, 1996). First, in either hardware of software, all protective procedures must be known by the investigator. Security for the dependableness of the source of information is of an utmost importance in fishing evidences t owards solving a crime. The computer itself is the first place that must be secured.A counseling to secure them is to label them to avoid mathematical damages and interchange of the computer parts. Keeping the original state of the machine whether it is turned on/off, or maintaining connections at the back of the CPU or a laptop, is also a requirement for in the case of transportation, there might be a need to dissolve the parts, and knowing the original positions of the connections is relevant to restore the computer for investigation after transportation (Barba, __, p. 19). Second is the acquisition of electronic information.This can be obtained from the hard saucer or other disk drives attached to the computer and to e-mails, where possible records of computer manipulation that the offender had done to the governing bodys before and after completion of the act are present. Looking at the deleted and hidden files is also a very crucial step, which might lead to the identifica tion of the possible objectives of the criminal in deleting those data fragments, or what data he needed so as to complete his purpose (Barba, __, p.24). Upon identification of the important data files that are removed from the establishment, and if there exists any system transactions that can be done through those files, like for example bank transactions, it would be the initiative of investigator to warn the potential persons that can be damaged when the transactions have been completed. The third thing that is important to consider is the recovery of the lost information that the client needs.It may also be possible to identify log-in passwords and usernames to monitor the users of the computer which can be associated with time of deletion of information, thus identifying the criminal. They can also look at the possible system protection measures to secure information and to avoid access again to the system. The log and registry of the computer may trace this necessary informa tion and identify changes on the computer codes (Sunblocksystems. com, 2007). Fingerprints may also be looked at in the case of a criminal act done at the place of the client itself. recognition of the criminal would be much more specific at this case. References Anderson, K. E. (1996). International Intrusions Motives and Patterns Retrieved July 14, 2008, 2008, from http//www. aracnet. com/kea/Papers/paper. shtml Barba, M. (___). Computer Forensic Investigations Electronic Version. Retrieved July 14, 2008, from http//www. computer-forensic. com/old_site/presentations/ASIS_Presentation. pdf Sunblocksystems. com. (2007). Computer Forensics. Retrieved July 13, 2008, from http//www. sunblocksystems. com/forensics. html

A Review Of Recent Evidence

A Review Of Recent Evidence job direction EMERGED FROM DIFFERENT field OF APPLICATION INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE AS A DISCIPLINE. THE 1950S MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN get off MANAGEMENT ERA. BEFORE 1950S, proposeS WERE MANAGED ON AN AD-HOC BASIS USING GANTT CHARTS, OR INFORMAL TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS. ramble MANAGEMENT IS THE DISCIPLINE OF intentionNING, ORGANIZING, SECURING AND MANAGING RESOURCES (I.E. MANAGEMENT) TO BRING AB stunned THE supremacyFUL COMPLETION OF SPECIFIC discover GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.B DISCUSS PROJECT MANAGEMENT agreement ELEMENTSONCE PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS PUT IN PLACE ORGANIZATIONS GET THE NECESSARY TOOLS AND knowledge THAT ARE NEEDED TO COLLABORATE AND MANAGE THEIR WORKLOAD AS A TEAM.FOLLOWING ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS FOR BETTER PROJECT MANAGEMENT1. CLASSIFY -DEFINE THE TYPE OF WORK IT attend toS EVERYONE UNDERSTAND WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E.G. modernistic FEATURE, ACTION ITEM, DEFECT ETC.2. TARGET -TARGET SETS YOUR PROJECTS MILESTONES. MEASURING PROGRESS IS EASY WITH METRICS WHEN REMAINING taskS AND ISSUES earth-closet BE RELATED back down TO THE PLAN, KEEPING TEAM MEMBERS FOC employD AND WORKING TOWARD A COMMON GOAL.3. PRIORITIZE EACH TEAM MEMBER SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE PRIORITY SYSTEM.4. COLLABORATE - honest assessS BE delegate TO THE RIGHT PEOPLE. MAKE SURE THAT OWNERSHIP BE CLEAR AND REASONABLE. WORKLOAD HAS TO BE BALANCED AND FAIR AND IT SHOULD BE EASY FOR PEOPLE TO GET assist IF NEEDED FROM OTHER TEAM MEMBERS.5. CHECK place -TASK STATUS SHOULD BE REGULARLY TRACKED. IT SHOULD BE EASY TO SEE WHAT IS COMPLETED, WHAT REMAINS TO BE COMPLETED, AND WHAT ISSUES EXIST.6. TRACK abidance KEEP A COMPLETE HISTORY FOR EVERY TASK. IT HELPS YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT ISSUES REMAIN, HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PLANS, UNDERSTAND AND CORRECT PROCESS ISSUES, AND COMPLY WITH APPROPRIATE INDUSTRY STANDARDS LIKE ISO9000 hallmark ETC.C DISCUSS EXTERNAL AND infixed ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS INFLUENCING PROJECT MANAG EMENTPROJECT MANAGEMENT CAN BE restoreED BY THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN A occupancy ENVIRONMENT. THE EXTERNAL FORCES THAT AFFECT PROJECT MANAGEMENT intromit SOCIOLOGICAL, political, ECONOMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL.EXTERNAL FACTORS1. SOCIOLOGICAL IT INCLUDES THE DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS, TRENDS, WORK ETHICS, individualized VALUES, AND GENERAL CULTURES. THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE DIFFERENTLY ON HOW A PROJECT MANAGER ACCOMPLISHES ITS GOALS. THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN EACH COUNTRY IS UNIQUE AND AS THE BUSINESS BECOMES INTERNATIONAL, MANAGEMENT HAS TO UNDERSTAND THESE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS IN ORDER TO PLAN FOR THE FUTURE AND DESIGN PRODUCTS FOR A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE.2. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IT INCLUDES THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS much(prenominal) AS COMPETITORS, SUPPLIERS AND CUSTOMERS. PROJECT MANAGEMENT MUST STUDY THE ECONOMY AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR A CONTINUAL AND DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP. BY STUDYING THE COMPANIES, SUPPLIERS, COMPETITORS, CUSTOMERS AND CURRENT POLITICAL FACTORS, T HE MANAGEMENT IS CAPABLE OF MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGERIAL DECISIONS. THUS THE PRODUCTS DESIGNED UNDER THIS POSSES PLACE, FORM AND epoch UTILITY TO SUCCEED IN THE MARKET PLACE.3. engine room TECHNOLOGY HAS THE MOST DRAMATIC EFFECT ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AS either CHANGE IN THIS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS OFTEN rapidly FELT BY FIRM. AS THE MARKET CAN CHANGE OVERNIGHT THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE IN A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS THAT pull up stakes PUT THE bon ton IN A FLEXIBLE POSITION TO ADAPT WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES.INTERNAL FACTORSINTERNAL FACTORS OR ENVIRONMENT OF A BUSINESS CONSISTS OF THE organisational RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO COMPLETE ITS GOALS. THESE ARE HUMAN, TECHNOLOGICAL, FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES. THE TASK OF MANAGEMENT IS TO ACQUIRE THESE RESOURCES AND MAKE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION. IN THIS TASK THE MANAGEMENT OF A PROJECT IS IN COMPETITION WITH either OTHER BUSINESSES IN THE LIFE. ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES ARE THEREFORE SCARCE AND MANAGEMENT victor DEPENDS ON HOW WELL THESE RESOURCES ARE some(prenominal) ACQUIRED AND UTILIZED.1. GLOBALIZATION THE FIRST FACTOR IS GLOBALIZATION WHICH TENDS TO BRING CLOSE PEOPLE FROM AROUND THE WORLD AND AS A effect INCREASING THE POSSIBILITIES OF PERSONAL EXCHANGE, MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND FRIENDSHIP. GLOBALIZATION IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR SUCCESS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF A BUSINESS IN THE WORLD MARKET. THE GLOBAL NETWORKING ALLOWS newfound IDEAS AND PLANNING MEANT TO CAPTURE THE GLOBAL MARKET.2. TECHNOLOGY IT IS THE SECOND ASPECT AND REFERS TO TECHNIQUES WHICH MAKE OPERATIONS EASIER. INNOVATION INVOLVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS TO CREATE A NEW AND change TECHNOLOGY.3. ETHICS THE FINAL FACTOR AFFECTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS ETHICS WHICH IS DESCRIBED AS A SET OF doctrineS OF RIGHT CONDUCT.P2 APPRAISE THE VIABILITY OF PROJECTS AND DEVELOP SUCCESS/FAILURE CRITERIA.A DEVELOP SUCCESS AND FAILURE CRITERIA FOR PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, greet AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS.DR MARTIN BARNES (UK) FIRST DESCRIBED THE IRON TRIANGLE OF TIME, speak to AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY) IN A COURSE HE DEVELOPED IN 1969.THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE CAN BE USED BY MANAGERS TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE DIFFICULTIES OF IMPLEMENTING CHANGE AND THE COMPLEXITIES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT. ALL PROJECTS HAVE CERTAIN bashfulnessS, THOSE THINGS THAT RESTRICT THE DECISIONS THAT CAN BE MADE FOR EXAMPLE, MOST PROJECTS HAVE A cost CONSTRAINT AS THERE leave behind ONLY BE A CERTAIN BUDGET AVAILABLE TO THE PROJECT. A PROJECT MANAGER MUST WORK OUT HOW TO DELIVER A PROJECT WITH A GIVEN SET OF CONSTRAINTS. ONE APPROACH IS THAT OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE, WHICH IDENTIFIES terce CONSTRAINTS THAT WILL APPLY TO ALL PROJECTS AND THAT AFFECT EACH OTHER TIGHTENING ONE CONSTRAINT WILL ALLOW SOME FLEXIBILITY IN THE OTHERS AND FLEXIBILITY IN ONE AREA WILL AFFECT THE OTHERS.THE THREE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE ARE TIME, COST AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY). AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE (COST, TIME AND SCOPE) CAN HELP ALL MANAGERS TO IMPLEMENT CHANGE IN BUSINESS.TIME CONSTRAINT (SCHEDULE)TIME IS THE MOST DIFFICULT CONSTRAINT TO CONTROL IN A PROJECT AS DEADLINES ARE USUALLY ENSURE EFFICIENT WORKING AND OFTEN THE undeniable RESOURCES ARE NOT AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED .ALL THE ACTIVITIES IN A PROJECT TAKE TIME AND EACH ACTIVITY CAN TAKE A SHORTER OR capaciousER AMOUNT OF TIME DEPENDING ON FACTORS SUCH AS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONNEL COMPLETING THE TASK, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORKING ON THE TASK AND THE AVAILABILITY OF WORKERS AT THE GIVEN TIME PERIOD.COST CONSTRAINTALL PROJECTS HAVE FINITE RESOURCES AVAILABLE THAT ARE MEASURED IN TERMS OF COST. THERE IS A LIMITED BUDGET AND THE PROJECT MANAGER MUST PLAN HOW TO SPEND THE BUDGET ON THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. REDUCING THE COST OF A PROJECT WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE TIME THE PROJECT WILL TAKE AND CHANGING THE TIME AVAILABLE TO A PROJE CT WILL IMPACT THE COST OF THE PROJECT.PROJECT SCOPE CONSTRAINTTHE SCOPE DEFINES THE evaluate DELIVERABLES BY THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT MANAGER HAS TO MANAGE THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT AS ANY CHANGE IN SCOPE WILL IMPACT BOTH COST AND TIME. IF MORE ITEMS ARE ADDED TO THE SCOPE THEN BOTH TIME AND COST MAY INCREASE, AND EVEN A SUBTLE CHANGE TO THE SCOPE CAN HAVE NOTICEABLE IMPACTS, BECAUSE OF WHICH CHANGE CONTROL IS VITAL TO PROJECT SUCCESS.PROJECT QUALITYAT TIMES THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE IS DESCRIBED WITH THE THREE CONSTRAINTS TIME, COST AND QUALITY RATHER THAN SCOPE, AS HIGHER QUALITY IN A PROJECT CAN EASILY LEAD TO A HIGHER COST AND SOMETIMES MORE TIME. HOWEVER, QUALITY CAN ALSO BE PART OF THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT AS WELL DEFINED DELIVERABLES WILL INCLUDE A STATEMENT REGARDING THE DESIRED QUALITY.B BRIEFLY EXPLAIN DIMENSIONS OF PROJECT SUCCESSTO BE lucky A PROJECT MUST* DELIVER THE OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS REQUIRED BY ORGANIZATION, ITS DELIVERY PARTNERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZA TIONS* CREATE AND IMPLEMENT DELIVERABLES THAT MEET THE concord REQUIREMENTS* MEET THE TIME TARGETS* STAY WITHIN THE FINANCIAL BUDGETS* INVOLVE ALL RIGHT PEOPLE* MAKE BEST USE OF RESOURCES IN THE ORGANIZATION* TAKE ACCOUNT OF CHANGES IN THE WAY THE ORGANIZATION OPERATES* MANAGE ANY RISKS THAT COULD JEOPARDIZE THE SUCCESS* TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEEDS OF STAFF AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WHO WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE CHANGES BROUGHT IN BY THE PROJECT.P3 UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEM PROCEDURESA DISCUSS PROJECT info SUPPORT SYSTEMTHE PROJECT info SUPPORT SYSTEM IS USED IN COMPANIES FOR INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF PROJECTS AND IN PROJECT PREPARATION AND HANDLING. THE PURPOSE IS TO declare oneself A HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT, INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF WORK AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN THE COMPANY.THE SYSTEM ENSURES* allowance AND FULL DOCUMENTING OF COMPANYS PROJECTS* EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION* EXCHANGE OF PROJECT INFORMATION AMONGST A LL PROJECT PARTICIPANTS* EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE TECHNOLOGIES BEING DEVELOPED IN THE COMPANY* FOLLOW-UP OF PROJECT ORGANIZATION keep AT ALL STAGES BOTH FROM THE percentage point OF VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CONTENTS, AND FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WORK ORGANIZATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONNEL USE.* POSSIBILITY OF CREATION AND STORAGE OF DOCUMENTATION FOR QUALITY SYSTEM.* INTERACTION BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGER AND THE CUSTOMER, SUBCONTRACTORS, COMPANY MANAGEMENT AND CO-WORKERS WORKING ON THE PROJECT inwardly THE COMPANY.* NOTIFICATION OF CO-WORKERS AND PROJECT MANAGER ABOUT THE TASKS RECEIVED.* CONTROL OF DOCUMENT IMPLEMENTATION, AGREEMENT AND APPROVAL CYCLES FOR PROJECT DOCUMENTS.* STRUCTURING OF INFORMATION BY PROJECT DOCUMENTATION.* DOCUMENT SYSTEMATIZATION TAKES PLACE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS ACCORDING TO monthS AND WEEKS SEPARATION OF NEW DOCUMENTATION DEVELOPED DURING LAST MONTH AND LAST WEEK STORAGE OF INFORMATION ON FROZEN AND ACCOMPLISHED PROJECTS IN DYNAMICA L ARCHIVE, POSSIBILITY TO LOOK THROUGH THIS DOCUMENTATION, CHANGE PROJECT STATUS AND TRANSFER ALL INFORMATION ON PROJECT FROM DYNAMICAL ARCHIVE TO THE BASE OF PERSPECTIVE AND ACTIVE PROJECTS.* DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF ACCESS RESTRICTION TO PROJECT DOCUMENTATION FOR COMPANY CO-WORKERS.* THE SYSTEM IS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF CLIENT-SERVER PLATFORM. THIS PLATFORM ALLOWS ORGANIZING JOINT USE OF INFORMATION BY ALL EMPLOYEES, TO ENSURE THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF INFORMATION SAFETY AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR STANDARD PROCESSES OF DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT.B DISCUSS AND GIVE EXAMPLES HOW HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES CAN BE INTEGRATED TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS.FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT COMPLETION, PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ARE ADOPTED WHICH ARE MOSTLY LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCE, AND THEY ARE UNIVERSALLY VALID FORALLPROJECTS.PRINCIPLE BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT BEGINS WITH THESE PRINCIPLES* RULE 1- FIND OUT WHAT BUSINESS YOU ARE IN, AND THEN MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS.BE SURE YOUR BUSINESS IS VIABLE. pick out PROJECTS THAT ARE GOOD FOR YOUR BUSINESS.UNDERSTAND THE BUSINESS VALUE IN YOUR PROJECT AND LOOK FOR CHANGES.LEARN AND APPLY BEST PRACTICES IN YOUR CHOSEN BUSINESS.DEFINE WHAT IS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE YOUR AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY.* RULE2 UNDERSTAND THE CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENTS.THOROUGHLY UNDERSTAND AND DOCUMENT CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENTS, OBTAIN CUSTOMER AGREEMENT, AND PUT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTS UNDER magnetic declination IDENTIFICATION AND CHANGE CONTROL.* RULE 3 PREPARE AREASONABLEPLAN.PREPARE APLANTHAT DEFINES THE SCOPE, SCHEDULE, COST, AND APPROACH FOR A REASONABLE PROJECT.INVOLVE TASK OWNERS IN DEVELOPING PLANS AND ESTIMATES, TO ENSURE FEASIBILITY.USE A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TO PROVIDE COHERENCE AND COMPLETENESS TO MINIMIZE UNPLANNED WORK.* RULE 4 seduce A TEAM WITH CLEAR OWNERSHIP.GET GOOD AND TRUSTWORTHY PEOPLE.ESTABLISH CLEAR OWNERSHIPOF WELL-DEFINED TASKS ENSURE THEY HAVE TOOLS AND TRAINING NEEDED AND PROVIDE TIMELY FEEDBACK.* RULE 5 TRACK PROJECT STATUS- TRACKPROGR ESSAND CARRYOUT FREQUENT REVIEWS.CONDUCT METHODICAL REVIEWS TO HELP MANAGE CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS, IMPROVE QUALITY, AND order PROBLEMS BEFORE THEY GET OUT OF HAND.* RULE 6 USE BASELINE CONTROLS.ESTABLISH BASELINES FOR THEPRODUCTUSINGCONFIGURATION MANAGEMENTAND FOR THEPROJECTUSING COST AND SCHEDULE BASELINE TRACKING.MANAGE CHANGES DELIBERATELY.USE MEASUREMENTS TO BASELINE PROBLEM AREAS AND THEN TRACK PROGRESS QUANTITATIVELY TOWARDS SOLUTIONS.* RULE 7 WRITE IMPORTANT blockade DOWN, SHARE IT, AND SAVE IT.WRITE DOWN REQUIREMENTS, PLANS, PROCEDURES, AND EVOLVING DESIGNS.DOCUMENTING ALLOWS THEM TO EVOLVE AND IMPROVE.IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE BASELINE CONTROLS, RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS, OR A REPEATABLE PROCESS WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION.* RULE 8 IF IT HASNT BEEN TESTED, IT DOESNT WORK. DEVELOP TEST CASES EARLY TO HELP UNDERSTAND AND VERIFY REQUIREMENTS.USE EARLY TESTING TO VERIFY CRITICAL ITEMS AND REDUCE TECHNICAL RISKS.* RULE 9 ENSURE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION.KEEP THE CUSTOMERS REAL NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS IN VIEW.* RULE 10 BE RELENTLESSLY proactive.TAKE INITIATIVE AND BE RELENTLESSLY PROACTIVE IN APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES AND IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS AS THEY ARISE.PERIODICALLY ADDRESS AND CONFRONT PROJECT RISKS.ATTACK PROBLEMS, AND LEAVE NO STONE UNTURNED.P4 IDENTIFY THE KEY ELEMENTS problematic IN TERMINATING PROJECTS AND CONDUCTING POST-PROJECT APPRAISALS.CLOSURE MAY OCCUR AS PLANNED AT THE END OF THE PROJECT OR EARLY IF THE NEED OR JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT NO LONGER EXISTS. THE STEPS BELOW APPLY PRIMARILY TO NORMAL TERMINATION. THE BUSINESS CASE SHOULD BE HANDED OVER TO WHOEVER IS GOING TO TAKE LONG TERM RESPONSIBILITY FOR DELIVERING THE DESIRED BENEFITS. TOWARDS THE END OF THE PROJECT THE PROJECT MANAGER PERFORM AN EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT AGAINST THE PROJECT INITIATION DOCUMENT AND REPORT TO THE PROJECT BOARD SO THAT IT MAY FORMALLY CLOSE THE PROJECT, PERHAPS AT A CLOSURE MEETING.THE CHECKLIST BELOW WILL HELP THE SRO/PROJECT BOARD curb ITSELF THAT THE PRO JECT CAN BE CLOSED DOWNPROJECT CLOSURE CHECKLIST* IS THE WORK OF THE PROJECT COMPLETE AS MEASURED AGAINST ANY SUBSEQUENT AGREED CHANGES?* HAVE ALL PROJECT DELIVERABLES BEEN CREATED, QUALITY CONTROLLED, ACCEPTED AND HANDED OVER TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THEM?* HAS INFORMATION ABOUT KNOWN ERRORS CONVEYED TO THOSE WHO WILL USE/OPERATE/MAINTAIN THE DELIVERABLES?* HAS RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONGOING OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND TRAINING OF THE DELIVERABLES BEEN ACCEPTED BY APPROPRIATE PARTS OF THE ORGANIZATION?* HAVE THOSE WHO PROVIDED RESOURCES BEEN INFORMED OF ENDING PROJECT CLOSURE?* HAVE ALL OUTSTANDING REQUESTS FOR CHANGE BEEN PASSED TO APPROPRIATE OWNERS?* HAVE ALL RISKS BEEN COMMUNICATED TO AN APPROPRIATE OWNER IN THE ORGANIZATION?* HAS INFORMATION ABOUT ANY ERRORS IN THE DELIVERABLES BEEN COMMUNICATED TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES?* IS A PLAN IN PLACE FOR A POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW TO MEASURE THE ACTUAL movement OF BENEFITS AFTER THE PROJECT (TE RMS OF REFERENCE, TIMING AND RESPONSIBILITIES)?* HAVE LESSONS LEARNED BEEN RECORDED AND DISSEMINATED TO INTERESTED PARTIES?* HAS PROJECT MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION BEEN FILED FOR FUTURE REFERENCE?YOU MAY RUN LESSONS LEARNT shop class SO THAT YOU AND OTHERS CAN BENEFIT FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE OF WHAT WENT WELL AND WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE IN A BETTER WAY. ONCE THE PROJECT BOARD HAS CONFIRMED CLOSURE, THE PROJECT TEAM IS DISBANDED AND THE PROJECT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES NO LONGER EXIST. NO COSTS OR OTHER RESOURCES SHOULD GET CHARGED AGAINST A CLOSED PROJECT.MUAZZAM ALI BADSHA PROJECT MANAGEMENT second SEMESTERCONFED SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Page 1

Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology Essay

Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology under compriseEmile Durkheim, the founder of functionalism reasond that a certain pith of detestation in any society is inevitable. Durkheim thought that it was an integral character reference of all healthy societies. Durkheim thought this beca subprogram not everyone has the same collective values and example beliefs in society. Durkheim exchangeablewise commitd that discourtesy and difference could be positive in society as this can back up reinforce the ideas of right and wrong.The conundrum with deviance arises when the level of detestation extends too big, this then can braten the stability of a society. Durkheim thought that deviance acted as a catalyst for kindly change, change can happen but you need change the perception, what we once thought was a degenerate act is instanter acceptable. This is how a society can evolve, which Durkheim considered as healthy. Durkheim also thought that if crime was too l ow in a society it was unhealthy, this was because such societies remained static and their fond attitudes remained unchallenged.Anomie was a concept devised by Durkheim Merton further veritable this. Durkheims concept of anomy explained how societies undergoing friendly change also experience virtually confusion everywhere what the society considered right or wrong behavior. The confusion should not be viewed as negative, as new ideas be paramount for a society as they ar considered the life-blood. (sociablescience, 2012)There are positive functions to crime as crime can reaffirm boundaries as when crimes are committed, they are normally publicised. This then confirms our shared values for society for example we learn the appropriate behaviour by probeing the inappropriate behaviour punished.Tragedy or loss can also help to bring societies together it can help mend well-disposed or pagan divisions, and help strengthen our sense of belonging in the confederation. Co hen a undischarged American criminologist believed that deviance acted as a safety valve for society, Cohen believed that releasing small amounts of anger and tension prevented the build-up of greater frustrations. This then could cause major problems in society. Cohen also believed that deviant acts could help to alert society that certain aspects of it are not operative properly.An some other positive aspect to crime is social progression, this happens when the race of today challenge the norms and values of society as they want to help build a better future, as a result todays deviants could be tomorrows innovators. here(predicate) is an example of how crime can change society, March 2012, when gay 24-year-old man called Daniel Zamudio was beaten so severely, this was afterward having swastikas simple machineved into his skin that he died in infirmary three weeks later. The brutal murder shocked Chileans and spurred the Chilean government to fast-track LGBT antidiscriminatio n legislation. (advocate, 2013)Crime and deviance can also create employment, if there was no deviant behaviour we would not fork out any jurisprudence, courts or prisons, indeed Durkheim was correct is recalling that crime has a positive factor on society.Some of Durkheims theories do have a negative function to crime and deviance, especially as functionalists believe that society is based on the value consensus. In certain situations e.g. major social upheaval, the social norms and values can become confused. This is when people are not sure on how to behave or what to believe, this happens when people are freed from social visit, become selfish and only constituteion after their own interests. When anomie occurs, the crime rates soar.Downes Rock (1998) thought functionalists who refer to Durkheims work failed to consider the impact that crime and deviance had on society, especially the victims of crime. They also thought that crime whitethornbe functional but at what cost. Robert K Merton was also inspired by Durkheims possibleness of anomie Merton applied his system to American society in the 1930s. Merton tried to explain why young working class men were to the highest degree prominent in the crime statistics. This is where Merton developed the strain scheme (also known as Mertonian Anomie). Merton suggested that culture, especially the United States of America was saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom and prosperity or as Merton described it the American Dream. Most people bought into this dream and it became a very powerful cultural and psychological motivation.Merton identified five possible responses to his strain theory adjustity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Therefore, as many people responded to strain through innovation or rebellion, the nature of American dream actually created crime and deviance. Although Mertons explanation of the strain theory answers some questions to crime, it does not answer them all care crimes that are not for personal game e.g. vandalism.Mertons description on anomie was different to Durkheims. Merton thought that anomie meant dichotomy (a division) between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could achieve. If the social structure of opportunities is unequal, this ordain prevent the majority from realising the dream, this then means that some of them will turn to crime in order to realise it.Travis Hirschi (1969) realised that most sociological theories tried to explain why people committed crime Hirschi decided that he would look at why most of society do not commit crime. His theory was called the social bond theory, which later developed into the social control theory. This theory historically has been an interesting way in approaching social problems and how they are explained, the social bond theory emphasises on the fact that there is an absence of social attachments among juvenile delinquents. Hirschi thought that One of the most critical times in our lives is adolescence, during this critical time we need strong positive social ties. On the other hand, if the ties we share in our lives are negative and criminal-like it is most likely that negative results will occur.Hirschi believed there were quartette basic elements to the social bond theory they are attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an individual holds in society. Commitment the personal investments we have in our lives, involvement the amount of free time we have and belief our commitment to the rules and goals of our society, Hirschi thought the greater our bonds of attachment the lower the level of crime.In conclusion, functionalist accept the official statistics without any question, therefore functionalist see crimes are committed by the working class, and they have ignored corporate or white collar crime. They also do not take into consideration the thoughts or feel ings of deviants, they assume that all working class people respond to society in the same way and everyone shares exactly the same cultural goals. (criminology, 2012)Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism saw crime and deviance as the ruling class (bourgeoisie) keeping social control over the working class (proletariat) if you did not conform you would be punished. Marx believed that Institutions such as the police, the arbiter system, prisons and schools are there to encourage you to conform. Marxists fence in that clerical crimes, which tend to be committed by the bourgeoisie are ignored, while crimes committed by the proletariat such as burglary and course crime are seen as more(prenominal) serious. Marxists also argued that different social classes are policed differently, with the working class heavily policed in the expectation that they will be more criminal.Marxists such as Milton Mankoff, Frank Pearce and Laureen Snider see power as for the most part be held by the bourg eoisie who own the means of production. Marxists believe the laws reflect the interests of the bourgeoisie. They are then passed by a bourgeois parliament, then enforced by the Police and supported by right-wing sections of an increasingly powerful media. Marxists also argue that crime is widespread in all social strata, Snider (1993) give tongue to, many of the most serious anti-social and predatory acts committed in modern industrial countries are corporate crimes. Snider also said corporate crime does more harm than the street crimes, such as burglary, robbery and murder which are usually seen as the most serious types of crime. (historylearningsite, 2012)The corporate crime Snider referred to included examples such as the Zeebruge take disaster and the Hatfield train crash, the enquiries found that the companies had put profit before safety. In the UK, the crime of corporate manslaughter was introduced. This was to cover such events with boards of directors being put in the f reeing line if similar tragedies occurred again.David Gordon (1976) stated that the values of capitalism encouraged crime in all of the social classes, the frustration of being on the bottom radius of the ladder encourages crimes like violence, sex and drugs and vandalism.Does capitalism cause crime? Possibly not, because crime is still present in communist societies , and some capitalist countries like Switzerland have a very low crime rate. It is also very unlikely that working class crime can be the cause of ohmic resistance and rebellion, most of the victims of working class crime are in fact working class themselves.Other aspects of this argument could be that some would say the working class criminals are making excuses for the behaviour, by showing a Robin Hood type of example. It is very unlikely that the law favours the bourgeoisie, as there are some laws that favour the proletariats for example benefit laws.Pierce (1976) had views on corporate crime, he said, Prosecuti ons for corporate crime are rare otherwise, society would have to reconsideration its view that crime is a working class pursuit, which would create a crisis for the ruling classes. In addition, are illegal and immoral practices normal under capitalism? Some of the lowest paid jobs with the most appalling working conditions are under communist regimes. (moodle, 2013)Internationalism is the second major sociological spatial relation after functionalism. Internationalism considers three things Phenomenology, Symbolic Interaction and Ethnomethodology. Interactionists focus on the way that individuals act rather than react to social stimulation, and the way in which different social groups interpret the behaviour of others is significant, as this helps to understand the way the world is socially constructed. An example of social construction would be, imagine you are sitting at a set of traffic lights, a car drives straight through the red lights. You could interpret that behaviour a s wrong and illegal. However under the same circumstances, if the car went through the red light with blue flashing lights and a siren you could consider that as understandable.Howard Becker (1973) said, Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose encroachment constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsidersthe deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Labelling is a social judgement and is based on social reaction, the labels that we bedevil people can define their future, and this is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Unfortunately the people that we label can become social outsiders. Therefore, labelling can be considered as social constructed.Becker developed his theory of labelling in 1963 in a book called the outsiders, Becker studied the theory during a period of social and political power at a college campus. Becker familiarized Lemerts labelling theory and its symbolic interaction backgroun d during this liberal movement. (moodle, 2013)Beckers labelling theory had five stages, the first stage was where an individual was labelled as deviant, and the second stage is where the deviant is then rejected by their family, friends and employers. Next, because the individual has been rejected they return to the deviant behaviour, this is the start of their criminal career. Fourth the individual then looks for social acceptance, this normally will be by a deviant group, and fifth a deviant subculture develops.Beckers book Outsiders (1963) used two cases to illustrate his approach to the labelling theory. Becker studied marijuana laws in the United States, and the recreational use of the drug. Becker had chosen to analyse marijuana because the progression of use could be observed. The first time user of marijuana observes the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable.Becker found that if some one breaks the rules not all of society would find the act deviant, someone needs to enforce or draw attention to the rules. Only when an individual has been successfully been labelled do certain consequences follow, and the individual may take the label as a master status.Jock materialization (1971) also did a composition on marijuana, but this time the study was in Notting Hill, London. Young found that most marijuana users called it a peripheral activity. Young also found that once the stigma of the label had been made, the deviant behaviour and use of marijuana increased, the users then started to lose their jobs and social network. As this happened the users became more dependent on marijuana and some used it as a source of income, Young realised that labelling leads to the increase of deviant behaviour.There are problems with labelling, as this assumes that deviants are normal people until they have been given a label. Liazos (1972) said, that the labelling theory is a study of nuts, sluts and perverts. The labelling theory does criticises the groups that come up with the labels, it also fails to look at the benefits groups get from being labelled, it also doesnt explain where primary deviance (the initial act) comes from.Stan Cohen (1964) studied the social reaction especially in the mass media towards the clashes between the mods and rockers culture. Cohen actually witnessed the clashes on Brighton beach, he realised that the media were reporting things that actually had not happened. As a result this caused moral panic, the mods and rockers were being singled out and being called folk devils, as a result society thought their behaviour was a threat to the social order.How everyone in society reacts to actions and behaviour and the judgements we make contribute to the social construction of crime, the media is an area in society that visually contributes to constructing crime and deviance, Internationalists might argue that police are another such g roup in society. Police statistics are the main way in which the police can socially construct crime, there are other ways in which crime can be socially constructed, and this could be by changing legislation, interpretation or moral values. (moodle, 2013)Since the early 1980s a number of sociologists have developed a perspective on crime and deviance this is usually referred to as Left Realism. The supporters of this perspective are Jock Young, John Lea, Roger Matthews and Richard Kinsey. Left realism originated in Britain, but has started to influence other criminologists in other countries. Left realists feel that longer sentences and more prisons are the answer to crime, but they also oppose the views from left idealists, people like Marxists, Neo-Marxists and radical Feminists.Politically, left realists tend to see their approach as being close to the position of the British Labour Party, Lea and Young (1984) describe themselves as socialists and support the reform of society. One of the views of a left realist is that crimes other than white-collar crimes are a serious problem Jock Young (1993) argues there has been a significant increase in street crime. Young thought criminology had undergone an aetiological crisis (crisis of explanation), resulting from the increase in officially recorded street crime.Lea and Young (1984) pointed out that the chances of being the victim of street crime are minimal however, some groups face a higher risk. It is not the rich who are the targets of muggers or thieves, but the poor. Left realists have carried out a considerable amount of development studies, examining such issues as the extent of crime and attitudes towards crime. Lea and Young began to develop an approach to explaining criminality. They saw crime as rooted in social conditions and argue that crime is closely connected to deprivation. However, they reject those views that suggest factors such as scantiness and unemployment can be seen as directly respo nsible for crime, they did accept that the problem went beyond poverty. (historylearningsite, 2012)The values of a criminal are not too different from capitalist values they are aggressive, greedy and selfish. In addition, it is not poverty and deprivation that are important, or in the way that it is perceived, it is how people respond to it. Left realist developed the square of crime they thought that to tackle crime four elements needed to be dealt with the state, the offender, society and the victim. Left realists believed that the only way you could reduce crime was to reduce inequality, improve community facilities and build the relationship between the police and the community. Although the left realists have the square theory, they tend to focus more on the victims of crime. It is very difficult to use the concept of relative deprivation to explain crimes like rape and assault, and they still do not explain corporate crime.Two key features to left realism are they emphasise o n the social causes of crime, and they are concerned with the effect of crime on individuals and communities. Left realists do have long-term goals they would like changes in the social structure and promote social justice and remove the reduction of inequality.Right realists assume and take a more realistic view on the causes of crime and deviance, right realists believe that crime and deviance are a real social problem that requires practical solutions. It is said that right realists devised moral panic as a way of swaying the public to coincide with their views, e.g. the media claims elderly people are scared of being attacked when they leave the safety of their home, but in reality crimes against OAPs are minimal. Right realists believe that official statistics very much underreport crime. However, they believe they are able to paint a more realistic picture of crime and deviance in the UK. They also believe that crime is a growing social problem and is largely committed by lo wer working class males and juveniles, who are often b deprivation, and live in inner city areas.Marsland (1988) stated that crime and deviancy is linked to the breakdown in the moral fabric of society. Schools and religion have become less effective in social control and the moral glue of society has gone. Marsland believes that this has led to a decline in morality and as a result, crime has increased. Right realists do not believe that poverty causes crime, in the 1960s an affluent time in the UK the crime rate grew faster than any other time that century.Murrays (1994) theory stated that the welfare state was a factor in criminal behaviour, the problem was that it did encourage dependency and a lack of motivation that seemed to be handed down the generations. Murray said the welfare state saps moral fibre, erodes Christian ethics and threatens family values. Marsland (1992) agreed and said, The nanny state removes individual choice and desire to work. (historylearningsite, 2012 )Right realists have blamed a decline in respect for authority, and the rise of fatherless families where young males are denied an appropriate role model, along with a decline in family values with the lack of discipline both inside and outside the family home. Right realists also believe that you have a choice and you do not need to become deviant, Wilson and Kelling (1982) devised the low-spirited window theory, they believed that if just one window is broken and is not repaired that soon other windows in the property will become broken. They also believed that a valuation account in crime is the downfall of the community. A solution to this would be to have a zero tolerance on any deviant behaviour or crime, with harsher sentences and a lot closer surveillance.The right realist approach does have some flaws, it ignores white-collar crime, they place a lot of ownership on the victim, and they forget that crime can be a result of emotions, rather than calculations. Finally right realists believe in Situational Crime Prevention, a crime prevention strategy that looks at crimes and then by designing and manipulating the environment in a way that increases the risk to the offender, whilst reducing the offenders reward for committing the crime, making the offender stop and think to see if the reward outweighs the risk. (moodle, 2012)Left and right realists do share some common beliefs on crime, they accept the reality of situations and the problems in trying to promote solutions. Left realists think we are responsible for ourselves, where the right realists think everyone is responsible for each other. They also agree that the police can only do so much and that the community and individuals should work with the police to keep crime under control, Left realists and their social deprivation theory and right realists and the choice of the individual. If both sides worked together and everyone took an active part in trying to reduce crime and not just the police then it could work, the opportunities for an individual to commit a crime would drastically be trim down as a result, we would live in a safer and a more enriched society.ReferenceAdvocate, (2013) twelve crimes that changed the LGBT world online. procurable from http//www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/advocate-45/2012/05/07/12-crimes-changed-lgbt-world-0 Accessed 16th January 2013.Criminology, (2012) social theory online. Available from http//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/hirschi.htm Accessed seventeenth January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Left Realism and Crime online. Available from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/left_realism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Marx and crime online. Available from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Right Realism on Crime online. Available from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/right_realism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 20 13.Socialscience, (2012) Functionalist perspective on crime and deviance online. Available from http//socialscience.stow.ac.uk/criminology/criminology_notes/functionalism.htm Accessed 16th January 2013.

Hypoglycaemia in a Term Infant Form Diabetic Mother

Hypoglycaemia in a Term baby Form Diabetic aimHypoglycaemia in a destination infant degree diabetic mother ASSIGNMENT TITLE Critically analyse the heraldic bearing provided to an infant from a diabetic mother and familyThe fol confuseding assignment will anchor the divvy up of an infant inside a special(a) c atomic number 18 baby unit, the care provided will be critically analysed and local, national guidelines and recent research associated with the care of the infant will be discussed.In order to ensure confidentiality and in accordance with Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) the infant being discussed will be referred as Infant B. for the purposes of this assignment the nursing framework Casey, A. (1988), will be used. Casey model includes child, family, wellness, environment and care for however to personalize the care provided the main focus within this assignment will be concerning smear glucose control though, temperature control, minimized pain, maintaining a safe environment, establishing feeds, intercourse and family centred care will be discussed as well in relation to blood glucose control.The rationale advocateing the use of Casey model is said to focus on family centred care t chapeau is redefining the relationships in health care, increasing and becoming integrity of the main stopping points on the neonatal units across the world (Staniszewska et al., 2012). Casey, A. (1988) acknowledges the vital role of the parents and family and ensures the everyday care of the child through a partnership and negotiation betwixt parents and family and the nurse (Casey and Mobbs, 1988 Patient- and Family-Centered do by and the Pediatricians Role, 2012).This assignment is focused on the care of infant B, born at term at 41 weeks and two days gestational time within an antenatal diagnosis of paternalistic diabetes mellitus type I with a birth weight of 3140 grams, over two consecutive night shifts. Admitted to special care with one day of life with diagnosis of hypoglycemia one of the closely patronise causes of admission in this sector (NHS Improvement, 2016). The assessment of infant B. was performed at the moment of admission on the first day after transferred from post-natal unit as per confide policy. An adequate assessment is a crucial component of nursing utilise, mandatory for devicening and provision of patient and family centred care (Staniszewska et al., 2012) fundamental for their professional accountability and responsibility RCN (2014.) IDM check with UNICEF (2013) are at chance and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately.The definition of hypoglycemia in the newborn infant has remained controversial because of a lack of signifi offert correlation among plasma glucose concentration, clinical signs, and long-run sequelae (WRIGHT and MARINELLI, 2014 Hay, et al 2009 UNICEF, 2013) Bulbul and Uslu (2016) concluded that there has been no substantial evidence- ground progress in def ining what constitutes clinically important neonatal hypoglycemia, curiously regarding how it relates to brain injury. However they opine clear the definition of transient and persistent hypoglycemia and their differences (Cornblath et al.,2000).Many authors have suggested a numeric definitions of hypoglycemia that are variable in postnatal age (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000 Harris at al, 2012 Hawdon 2013 Arya at al, 2013 Stomnaroska-Damcevski, 2015 Adamkin, 2016). The value 2.6mmol/l was adopted by many clinicians and by the Trust as well, however there is no scientific vindication for this value (Wright and Marinelli, 2014).On admission infant B. presented with a low blood glucose level (BGL) of 1.3mmol/L, In order to increase blood glucose level, a peripheral venous line (PVL) was inserted in right foot as per Trust policy (2012) (NICE,2015), 10% dextrose bolus administered, started intra venous fluids of 10% Dextrose and a nasogastric tube inserted. stock glucose level check out 30mins after (NICE, 2015), level increased to 3.1 mmol/l. IV fluids started (60ml/kg/day) (NICE, 2015 BNF, 2015) and BGL checked 1-2 hours after. Frequency was based on infant B condition (Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al, 2015).Dextrose 10% is condition to restore blood glucose levels and provide calories minimizing liver glycogen depletion (BNF, 2014). Administration of a 10%Dextrose is protocoled but this value, once more, it is not accordant in literature (BNF, 2010 Arya at al 2013 Adamkin, 2016). A bolus was given first, with higher concentration that infusion, to increase quicker the set and followed by the infusion to stabilize the levels (Adamkin, 2011). The goal is to achieve a blood glucose level of 2.6 to 9mmol/L (Rennie and Kendall, 2013). Frequent Dextrose bolus are not recommended (WHO, 1997) per risk of hyperosmolar cerebral oedema.A fill developed by Heagarty (2016) showed significant benefits of oral dextrose gel as an option for treatment of symptomatic hypoglyce mia. Shows that is most effective, well tolerated and reduce 50% the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in high risk infants, but just for newborn babies in postnatal unit, not indicated for NICU admissions due to severity conditions (BNF, 2015). Hawdon et al (1994) describe a persistent effect and side-effects, and high doses can stimulate insulin release, that can be a reason why oral glucose gel it is not used in NICU. Other option is glucose water however studies (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) indicate that has insufficient energy and lack of protein.At delivery, glucose supply from mother to the infant stops, and consequently glucose concentrations decrease rapidly, until a exogenous source of glucose is available, the infant depends on his hepatic glucose production to face metabolic need and maintain the homeostasis during the first few days (Boissieu et al. 1995 de Rooy and Hawdon, 2002). The pediatric hormone society considers the first 48h of a health newborn infant a norma l period of transitional hypoglycemia (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000 Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). Low ketones levels, inappropriate preservation of glycogen, and low glucose levels, are characteristics of this period and may activate mechanisms for brain protection (Adamkin, 2016 Standley, et al, 2016). Acute neurophysiological changes occur when human neonates are low in BGL and the long-term moment of these acute changes is not clear (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000).The presence of risks factors, as an infant from a diabetic mother (Rennie and Roberton, 2013) predisposing an infant to hypoglycemia, and increase the risk of persistent hypoglycemia (Thornton et al., 2015). highlighting the risk factors may determine an appropriate management and a prudish planning since the delivery (Lang, 2014) and according with UNICEF (2013) IDM are at risk and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately. Based on this we can consider infant B a high risk baby to develop hypoglycemia with risk for persistent hypoglycemia.As an IDM, infant B. developed in postnatal period a hypoglycemia episode, this can be considering a transitional hypoglycemia that is caused by hyperinsulinemia (Stanley at, 2015). A study developed by Isles, Dickson and Farquhar (1968) suggests IDM removes glucose quicker than babies from a non-diabetic mother, and that comes from the ability to produce more insulin based on memory of levels experienced in utero. Hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of increased role of glucose, and can be temporary, for example when the fetus has been in contact with a hyperglycemic environment by poorly controlled maternal diabetes, (Rennie and Roberton, 2013). In this stage is important to screen for transient and persistent hypoglycemia, the last one with high risk to develop permanent hypoglycemia and consequently induce brain injury (Adamkin, 2011).neonatal hypoglycemia is comm tho asymptomatic but non-specific and extremely variable signs can be pr esented (Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). In the Trust we apply N-PASS outstrip to assess pain, agitation and sedation (Hummel et al, 2004) Neurological manifestation as irritability, jitteriness, lethargy, seizure and cardiorespiratory manifestations like cyanosis, pallor, apnea, irregular respirations, tachypnea and cardiac arrest can be presented. Infant B on admission had an appropriate crying not irritable, appropriate behavior, relaxed facial expression, normal tone and with vital signs in normal range. N-PASS scale was utilize every troika hours when vital signs evaluated, on every procedure and every time that was appropriate.Hypoglycemia cannot be defined only based on hit BGL, has to contextualize with infant and mother history (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000). A study developed by Eidelman and Samueloff (2002) associate directly physiopathology of an IDM with metabolic processes including fetal hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, this fetal hypermetabolic terra firma promote somatic growth, obesity, and metabolic disturbance in short and long-term consequences. Diabetic control early in pregnancy is associated with normal neurodevelopment outcome, but according with Schwartz and Teramo, (2000), blood glucose control increases their importance during the pregnancy and especially during the labor and delivery.IDM according with WHO (1997) as high risk for hypoglycemia however, Hawdon (2015) and NICE (2015) says if prenatal and intrapartum are followed by a specialist and monitored this babies should be treated in a first approach as a low risk infant, and the baby can get with the mother after birth to monitor BGL for 24h or 12h if stable (Adamkin, 2011). IDM is not an indication to be admitted in the neonatal unit.Managing a baby asymptomatic with affirm hypoglycemia relies on continuing breast supply but now more frequently (Amended, 2015), feed 1-3ml/kg (up to 5ml/kg if needed) of expressed breast draw (EBM) or substitute nutrition (formula, bestower human milk) (NICE, 2013 Hegarty, 2016). Increasing frequency will provide more colostrum for the baby, will stimulate the breast to produce more milk, its a moment to practice skin-to-skin, provides a relaxing healthy moment for both encouraging bounding (Adamkin, 2016)Infant B. developed hypoglycemia in post-natal unit and formula milk was started, to receive proper neonatal care had to be separated from mom. This fact interfered with breastfeeding, production of breast milk and bonding among mother and newborn (Sparshott, M., 1997). Mother B didnt have any milk production and that was a trigger for a stressful situation. Assessment of knowledge of all situation was done emotional support was given, educated and encouraged to continuing breastfeeding, explained importance of breastmilk. Colostrum is the first milk produced by a mother, as a high concentration of nutrient and lollipop and ideal to help blood glucose level to reach acceptable values (Wight and Marinelli, 2014). Breastmilk is preferred to formula for association with increase of ketones production (Hawdon et al 1992) and lower blood glucose values in term babies fed with formula, related with insulinogenic effect of protein in formula (Lucas et al, 1981).In partnership with mother B. was planned to stop formula milk when possible and all the EBM expressed was given to infant B. Encourage skin-to-skin contact and unlimited access to breast. (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) It is extensively documented in the literature (Tessier, (1998) Almeida et al., 2010 Heidarzadeh et al., 2013 Blackman, 2013) that kangaroo care provides health benefits not only for the infant but also for parents. A study performed by Heidarzadeh et al. (2013) conclude 62.5% of the mothers that provide kangaroo care to their babies were discharged from the hospital exclusively breastfeeding their babies, examine with 37.5% of the group that didnt provide kangaroo care. Almeida et al. (2010) in a similar study conclud es 82% on discharge go home exclusive breastfeeding. Blackman in 2013 performed a study where one of the subjects evaluated was blood glucose level when provided kangaroo care and results were significantly higher comparing with infants that didnt received. Tessier in 1998 cit by Poppy Steering Group (2009) conclude kangaroo care reduce maternal anxiety, and increase a mothers sense of competence and sensitivity towards her infant.After birth, one of the most important changes is related with metabolism energy and thermoregulation. Infant B. is a term baby however, is a newborn and the risk of disturbance of the thermoregulation is present (Arya at al 2013). A newborn after birth, loses heat immediately by evaporation, convection, conduction and radiation, dependent on the ambient air pressure, temperature and humidity and the temperature of surrounding surfaces (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007) The newborn has an ability to control and balance temperature, glucose and oxygen perfusion constitute the energy triangle (Aylott, 2005) Variations in this gradual transition can result in disturbances of the neonate regulation such as neonatal hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.Infant B. had initially presented with an axillary fossa temperature of 37.1C, normothermic according with World Health Organization (2006), whilst nursed in an open cot. To prevent variations in temperature infant B. was dressed with a vest and Babygro, a hat and wrapped with a shawl and a light blanket on top NHS (2015) and nursed away from draughts and windows to reduce heat loss by convection (Vilinsky and Sheridan, 2014). Furthermore, care was taken to reduce over exposure of the infant due to procedures, as minimize handling and promoting kangaroo care. World Health Organization (1997) describes kangaroo care as a method to keep babies warm and improve the experience during painful procedures as heel pricks (Johnson, 2007).In order to avoid overheat, as Trust policy, temperature was monitored e very three hours by use of a tempadot placed under the axilla for 3minutes and room temperature was set at 24-26C. It is essential that neonates are nursed within their neutral thermal environment, defined as a temperature where a baby with normal body temperature has a minimal metabolic rate and minimal oxygen consumption (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007). Hypothermia can lead harmful effects as hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, hypoxia, metabolic acidosis and failure to gain weight (McCall et al, 2010). During this two night shift, Infant B. was able to maintain his temperature. light upon pain in a neonate its a challenge for multiple factors, a complete and efficient evaluation results in an adequate plan of interventions. As referred previously, N-PASS scale it is adopted by the Trust as a tool to assess pain in neonates. Infant B is exposed to frequent acute pain for heel pricks for evaluation of BGG and cannula in left foot. On admission pain score 0 but during the procedures pain score 1 with consolable crying, tachypneic, tachycardic and clenched Non-nutritional sucking with and without sucrose, swaddling or facilitated tucking and kangaroo care are non-pharmacological techniques adopted to minimize pain to infant B. (2016).Non-nutritional sucking demonstrates to be effective to calm and decrease, particularly mild and moderate pain experienced by the neonate and behaviour responses to pain (Liaw et al., 2010). Baby regulates and organizes himself and relief pain through sucking with no nutritional intake objective. Sucrose effect is mediated by endogenous opioid pathways activated by sweet taste (Gibbins and Stevens, 2001).Beyond non-nutritional sucking, others interventions can be applied, and most of them in partnership with family and parents. Individualised developmental care to include family, explained how to reposition the baby in a comfortable way, swaddling and nesting, and during the procedure containment holding. Encourage parents to touch the neonate and bubble with him. If the procedure allowed, do kangaroo care. Minimize painful procedures and clustering, discuss with parents schedules and develop a plan with team. Manipulate the environment decreasing noise and light (Sparshott, 1997).An approach based in recognition and appreciation of parents roles, siblings and other family member allow the nurse to recognise critical steps on the care pathway (Staniszewska et al., 2012) Maximising opportunities for communication with parents/ family increasing confidence in role as a parent and supporting parents-infant relationship.Within the special care unit family-centred care is essential as is advocated by the unit in which the care was being received. During this episode infant B. was placed in a normal cot, because he is a term infant and able to maintain his temperature. This fact allowed his mother as well to be more closed, with no physical barriers. The poppy Steering group (2009) indicate through the needs of par ents with an infant requiring neonatal support, the findings show that parents need to have the opportunity to get to know their babies, emotional support, involvement in care and decision making and to establish effective communication with health care staff. When mother B. was able to attend the unit she appeared worried and anxious about not being with infant B. in port-natal ward. It was clear that she saw the change to a different place as a barrier. Explained that she can stay all day and night with infant B. only in handover time, she need to leave for 30 mins, was discussed the better time for cares and handling the baby for procedures. Infant B. father was not in the unit during the night, went home to rest, nursing staff were the only support available to her.A study developed by the poppy steering group (2009), showed evidence that improved communication and involvement in their babys care promotes positive parent-child interaction and attachment. It is important for them to have the opportunity to spend time with their baby and know them in partnership with the nurse that is responsible to provide emotional support and provide involvement in care being open to discuss decisions to be made and stablishing effective communication. Mother B. referred that the possibility to do skin-to-skin when it is appropriate for her and for her baby, helped her to cope with sensation of losing control of her baby. Create opportunities for the mom to feel participative in the care, especially during feeding time, like helping with nasogastric feeding encourage bounding and promote attachment in situations of separation between mother and infant. (Bliss, 2011)In second night shift Infant B. remains on IV fluids, intravenous infusion rate was increased to 90ml/kg/day, as per Trust policy.Infant B was able to maintain blood glucose levels between 3.1-4.2mmol/L. Following Trust guidelines supported by NICE (2015), glucose measurements are now twice a day after two con secutive measurements above 2.6mmol/L if infant B developed symptoms of hypoglycemia frequency will be increased. Stablishing breastfeeding but followed by top ups through nasogastric tube (2mls every 2 hours) (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) given all EBM available and formula milk to achieve amount of milk that infant B needs. Intravenous fluids as decreased as feeds increased, titrating, to meet infant B intake requirements. Infant B was tolerating well his feeds, abdominal not distended and soft, minimal milky aspirates the plan is normalizing baby, decreasing amout of fluid given by intravenous line and increase feeds hoping baby can return to post-natal unit in the next day.Screening high risk babies is other controversial intervention. A utilization of a tool to screen universally IDM after birth will allow more accurate assessments. NICE, 2013 preconize a standard approach, considering IDM healthy babies until any underling condition appears. However Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al (2015) thinks that assessment is important and. Tools like CRIBS and SNAPPE both based in specific criteria but different between should be used.BGL checked by test-strips provides a estimative value, vary 0.5-1mmol/l (Hay et al, 2009) laboratory enzymatic methods is the most accurate method, but results not quick enough for rapid diagnosis, delaying potential interventions and treatment. A Test-strips is important but must be confirmed by a laboratory testing, however the treatment shouldnt be delayed in order to hold back for the values, preventing neurologic damage. (Polin, Yoder and Burg, 2001, Adamkin, 2011)All literature consensual in therapeutic through IV dextrose bolus, and IV dextrose continuing infusion, increasing to 12.5% dextrose if values not stable (NICE,2013 Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al 2015) but when start therapeutic interventions remains not clear.Need more research about oral glucose gel, and more studies about hypoglycaemia to try to understand values of refere nce and what is dangerous for infant.NICE, 2013, recommends an individualized approach to management with treatment personalized to the specific disorder, taking in look patient safety and family preferences. Ungraded best practice statement.The available studies are inconclusive and ambivalent about the subject of hypoglycaemia. Primary studies about blood glucose levels are old, and that fact can compromised the conclusion of the geek study for up to date resources. Flexibility of sources becomes easy to get lost in the main questions. A case study its about a particular subject and become individualized losing the relevance. However the context of the phenomenon subject of study is explored in its context with is substance and understanding (Gerrish, K. and Lacey, 2006).This subject is something that we expect to see improving and more reflexion about practice. Diversity of literature helps contextualize diferent prespective through the time.Explain to women with insulin-treat ed pre-existing diabetes that they are atincreased risk of hypoglycaemia in the postnatal period, especially whenbreastfeeding, and advise them to have a meal or snack available before orduring feeds. 2008To test BGL, in the Trust, it is used Bedside glucose reagent test strips, according with Akalay et al (2001) this are inexpensive and practical but are not with significant variance from true(a) blood glucose levels, especially at low glucose concentrations. Ho et al (2004) preformed a study with five different glucometers, concluding that alone they are not raw enough to do a diagnose, just for initial assessment, advising a laboratory analysis to be more accurate.Tools para haver tools tinham de diferentes para cada grupo de risco (Harris, 2012)ReferencesAACN., NANN., AWHONN., and Watson, R. (2014). 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(1968) The incidence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia in high-risk newborn infants, The Journal of Pediatrics, 72(4), pp. 582-583. doi 10.1016/s0022-3476(68)80380-4Hansmann, G. (2009). Neonatal emergencies. 1st ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Harris, D.L., Weston, P.J. and Harding, J.E. (2012) incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in babies identified as at risk, The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), pp. 787-791. doi 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.022.Hay, W., R aju, T., Higgins, R., Kalhan, S. and Devaskar, S. (2009). Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs for cause and Treating Neonatal Hypoglycemia Workshop Report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(5), pp.612-617.Hillman, N., Kallapur, S. and Jobe, A. (2012). Physiology of Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life. Clinics in Perinatology, 39(4), pp.769-783.Isles, T., Dickson, M. and Farquhar, J. (1968). Glucose Tolerance and germ plasm Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers. Pediatric Research, 2(3), pp.198-208Isles, T., Dickson, M. and Farquhar, J. (1968). Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers. Pediatric Research, 2(3), pp.198-208.Jobe, A. (2015). Transitional neonatal hypoglycemia. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(6), pp.1329-1332.Johnson AN. The maternal experience of kangaroo holding. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 200736(6)568-73.L ang, T. (2014). Neonatal hypoglycemia. Clinical Biochemistry, 47(9), pp.718-719.Liaw, J., Yang, L., Ti, Y., Blackburn, S., Chang, Y. and Sun, L. (2010). Non-nutritive sucking relieves pain for preterm infants during heel stick procedures in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(19-20), pp.2741-2751.Lula O.,Lubchenco, M.D, and Harry Bard, M.D (1971) Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants classified by birth weight and gestational age. pediatrics, 47(5), 1971, pp.831-836.Lyon, A. (2004). Applied physiology temperature control in the newborn infant. Current Paediatrics, 14(2), pp.137-144.Merenstein, G. and Gardner, S. (2011). Merenstein Gardners handbook of neonatal intensive care. 8st ed. St. Louis, Mo. Mosby Elsevier.Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Pediatricians Role. (2012). PEDIATRICS, 129(2), pp.394-404.Polin, R., Yoder, M. and Burg, F. (2001). Workbook in practical neonatology. 1st ed. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders.Polit, D. and Beck, C. (2012). Nursing research. 1st ed. Philadelphia Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins.Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants. (2011). PEDIATRICS, 127(3), pp.575-579.Rennie, J. and Roberton, N. (2013). Rennie and Robertons textbook of neonatology. 5st ed. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.Rozance, P. and Hay, W. (2012). Neonatal Hypoglycemia-Answers, but more Questions. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), pp.775-776.Schwartz, R. and Teramo, K. (2000). Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Seminars in Perinatology, 24(2), pp.120-135.Sparshott, M. (1997). Pain, distress, and the newborn baby. 1st ed. Abingdon, Oxon, OX Blackwell Science.Staniszewska, S., Brett, J., Redshaw, M., Hamilton, K., Newburn, M., Jones, N. and Taylor, L. (2012). The POPPY Study Developing a Model of Family-Centred Care for Neonatal Units. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9(4), pp.243-255.Stanley, C., Rozance, P., Thornton, P., De Leon, D., Harris, D., Haymond, M., Hussain , K., Levitsky, L., Murad, M., Simmons, R., Sperling, M., Weinstein, D., White, N. and Wolfsdorf, J. (2015). Re-Evaluating Transitional Neonatal Hypoglycemia Mechanism and Implications for Management. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(6), pp.1520-1525.e1.Stomnaroska-Damcevski, O., Petkovska, E., Jancevska, S. and Danilovski, D. (2015). Neonatal Hypoglycemia A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management. PRILOZI, 36(3).Strozik, K., Pieper, C. and Roller, J. 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Smoking Addiction Essay -- essays research papers fc

Smoking AddictionSmoking is an extremely addictive habit that usually forms in the early teen years. We should be targeting our children from the time they move into elementary school to prep atomic number 18 them for this temptation and encourage them to steer clear of this problem (Schoebel 287). There is no sure cure for smoking, and every method requires leaveingness, dedication, and will power. Smokers should recognize the serious health risks they atomic number 18 facing every time they light a cigarette and accept that quitting such an addictive habit would precisely come with some amount of discomfort. Is there anyone who does not know someone who smokes? Everyone has a family member, friend, or coworker who smokes. They have chosen to smoke, unless by just creation around them you are also smoking, only you have not made that choice. Before you choose to take this risk you should think about what may pass to your body. There are more factors that you should take very seriously smoking is a hazardous habit because it leads to dependence, disease, and high-risk pregnancy. As advertisements have shown on technical on television that smoking is a way to relax and to be cool by smoking cigarettes, they never show you the negative side of it. For example, addiction is one of the bad side effects and it is caused by nicotine. Once you inhale the cigarette you will then feel or want the need for other one, and you may have different personalities and change because of the addiction. You may get more grouchy and violent behavior and need a cigarette to relax, further preferably it is doing more damage. Researchers have found ways to control addictions and some have succeeded. People at a younger age start to get abandoned by the nicotine in the cigarette and this is where the problem starts (Schoebel 125). The hazards of smoking lead to many fatal diseases and should persuade people to quit their habit. First, a major reason why people should quit smoking is that many people are dying of cancer. For instance, the statistics say that in the United States six out of ten people are dying daily due to lung cancer (Weitzman 214). This disease is killing people if it is not detected promptly. Another reason for quitting smoking is heart disease and its consequences. For example, many people suffer from heart failure, but even though they know about smoking and its dangers, they do not stop their habit un... ... alarming is that secondhand smoke contains greater concentrations of certain carcinogens than primary smoke. It also contains greater amounts of nicotine and tar, both strong and addictive toxins. There are positive and negative effects to smoking, but mostly negative.Personally, I dont have an opinion about this topic. I really think that a person, no matter what they are told, are going to smoke. Nothing can change their minds, if they dont want to change it. Its a difficult topic, and in my opinion, its bad for you, but in some peoples minds, they just dont care about what will harm their bodies. Smoking for people is a extend reliever and I think that its better than hurting yourself in a different way to relieve stress. Works CitedDhillion, Sulchraj S. (1993). Cigarette Smoking What its Doing to SmokersAnd Nonsmokers. PPI Publishing. Fred, creature A. and Oxom, Harry. (1980)Smoking for Two Cigarettes and Pregnancy. The Free Press.Schoebel, Robert. (2001). Keep your Kids Tobacco-Free Smart Strategies for Parents ofChildren Ages 3 through 19. New Market Press.Weitzman, Elizabeth. (1998). Lets Talk About Smoking. Hazelden Information andEducational Services.

Unforgotten Words :: Papers

Unforgotten Words Franchessca woke to the sound of a distant Will Young playing on the television downstairs. It was Saturday again, which meant shed stay in bed for as long as possible, or until her boyfriend called her. She sat up in bed to be blind by the light from the window. Good morning sunshine Franchessca said onwards stretching and yawning. The house was the same unusual quiet that it was on a Saturday morning, her mommy still in bed and her brother crashed out on the couch probably stuffing his face with the first, most unhealthy thing he could bring forth in the kitchen. She decided to go downstairs for some breakfast. Joel get up you lazy get Jo is right, all you ever do is eat and sleep she stormed medieval him into the kitchen to put the kettle on for her ma. It was turning Eleven oclock so she decided to stay downstairs and wait for Jo to call. Jo was her boyfriend who shed met during the summer, working at the youth centre. It was her mum who got them together really, for a change she approved in Franchesscas choice of boy. Jo was a small, slim boy with a strange hairstyle it was always messy but looked attractive. Hed met Franchessca before then and had fell for her the first time they met. It had started off with a new school project that Franchessca had gone to for sometime, then, in late July, his school had sent along Jo too. They both remembered the first time they spoke to each other. It was amazing for Jo who lingered on to her every word, and still did to the very day. Hi Suzy, is Franki there? Yeah hang on Jo Ill get her for you It was the same every time Jo called. He had always found it hard to speak to Frankis mum for a long time on the phone, it do him stutter a lot. Hello?. Oh hiya Jo how are you baby My dads coming down today so I